FULL FORM OF COMPUTER

‘C’ -Common

‘O’ -Operating

‘M’ -Machine

‘P’ -Particularly

‘U’ -Used for

‘T’ -Trade

‘E’ -Education ,and

‘R’ -Research

Full Form of RTGS in English and Hindi
Short Name	In English	In Hindi
RTGS	Real Time Gross Settlement	तत्काल सकल निपटान
	Royal Thai General System	रॉयल थाई जनरल प्रणाली
	Real Time Gross Settlements	तत्काल सकल निपटान

WHAT IS COMPUTER?

Actually Computer is a device that is set up to perform a particular logical as well as arithmetic operations.  As it should be kept in mind that a program is a set of instructions and that very set of so and so instructions are there to enable them to execute the above mentioned arithmetic and logical type of operations. Also we can say that a computer is a device that receives information and data to perform particular operations.

Well computers are devices that can be instructed to perform particular set of tasks, to carry out an arbitrary set of arithmetic and logical operations as well automatically. There is a program in computer that is a set of operations that makes computers very flexible and simple and beneficial. There are many types of computers like that of personal one known as personal computers and so on and so forth. Let me tell here in details.

TYPES OF COMPUTERS

MICROCOMPUTERS

• This is one of the most important type of computers used in worldwide having a lot of features and qualities.
• Actually there are a lot of types in this microcomputers like that of laptop, tablets, desktop computers.
• These are not so much expensive if compared on the grounds of affordability and having them.
• Actually these are the least expensive computers.
• These are actually for purposes like that of education,entertainment, and other general purposes.

PERSONAL COMPUTERS

These includes popular manufacturers like Apple, IBM, Dell, Siemens, Toshiba.

• These are also one of the type of computers having a lot of characteristics.
• These type of computers are basically used for general purposes like that of personal computing needs.
• Well Personal computers are general purposes machines and also they are non portable in nature.
• The main thing about Personal computers is that they run on MS windows, MS DOS, LINUX, UNIX operating systems. These operating systems actually help users to do operating system.
• And this multitasking enables the user to switch between applications and save a lot of time in course of doing multiple type of tasks.

 

MAINFRAME COMPUTERS

Well there is another one known as Mainframe Computers. These types of computers are used by institutional departments. These include banks, hospitals, insurance companies and so on. In these institutions there is a need of storing data of the customers and process large number of transactions. Here are some key features about this type of computers.

1. Mainframe computers offer huge data storage facilities and can processes data real time.
2. They are also used in places like engineering firms and educational institutions, this is because in such places many users should share a computing system.
3. Also many government organizations are now using this type of computers as there is provision of accessing computers by thousands of users simultaneously.
4. Mainframe computers will have a host computer and that host is accompanied by a front end computer with a back end computer,magnetic disc drives, tape drives, console terminals, user terminals, plotters and printers.
5. The important thing is that they run on a variation of the UNIX operating system or proprietary.
6. There are a lot of companies that are manufacturing mainframe computers nowadays but some are the major one. IBM and DEC are the major companies that manufacture mainframe computers.

SUPERCOMPUTER

Well there is another important type of computer known as Supercomputer. This Supercomputer is the most powerful computer . These are powerful as compared to other types in respect of quality of performances as well as data processing. In other words Supercomputer is the computer that are specialized and also task specific computers. They are also very helpful for large organizations. That is why these computers are widely used by large organizations.

This type of computer are having a lots of essential features.

• Supercomputers are used for many important purposes.
• These computers are used for purposes like research and exploration purposes, as for example NASA uses this computer for launching space shuttles, controlling them and also for space exploration purpose.
• But the main thing is that supercomputers are very expensive.
• They are also very large in size.
• Also they can be accommodated in large air conditioned rooms.
• Some super computers can span a whole building as well.

USES OF SUPERCOMPUTERS

Well there are quite a few applications of the most powerful type computers that is here supercomputers. At many places Supercomputers are used basically for the purpose of research . There are many uses besides this.  Supercomputers can be used to study the origin of the universe. Supercomputers are used to study the dark matters. Hence there is a use of this computer in the field of study,space exploration,etc.

Well as supercomputers are used to study space exploration, similarly they are used in the field of all the phenomena that occur related to earthquakes. In other words Supercomputers are used to study the earthquakes phenomena. Besides that, they are also used for natural resources exploration,as for example petroleum, natural gas, coal, and many more.

Supercomputers are also used for weather forecasting. They can be used to study all the facts related to nature and extent of hurricanes, rainfalls, windstorms, and so on. Supercomputers are also used to run weapon simulation that can test accuracy and impact of nuclear weapons.

MINICOMPUTERS

• Well there is another type of computer. Till you have learnt about the supercomputers, mainframe computers, microcomputers and so on. Now here is another one that is Minicomputers. Actually small businesses and firms use these types of computers. That is why these are known as Minicomputers. There is another name for Minicomputers that is midrange , in other words Minicomputers are also called Mid range computers. Actually these computers are small machines and thus can be accommodated on a disk. But these computers cannot be accommodated as a processing and data storage capabilities.

There are quite a few characteristics of this type of computer that is here Minicomputers. The thing is that these are not designed for a single user. Individual departments of a large company actually use this type of computers for specific purposes. Like a production department can use minicomputers for monitoring specific production process.

There are lot of Minicomputers. Some of them are listed below-

• K-202
• SDS-92
• IBM Midrange computers
• Texas Instument TI-990

USES OF COMPUTERS

In this section you will going to get all the information regarding various uses of computers. There are quite a few uses of computers. We cannot imagine now this world without computers. There are a lot of uses of computers in our daily life. Actually Computers are used in various fields in our daily life. Professionals including doctors, engineers, teachers and many other government institutes nowadays are using computers in order to perform a particular task in their own respective arena. Apart from performing particular task, computers are used for the purposes of other activities like entertainment, finishing official work. The main thing is that computers have made our life easier to large extent. There are many uses of computers.

USES OF COMPUTERS AT HOME

There are wide uses of computers at home. Computers can be used to manage domestic budget as well. With the help of Computers one can easily calculate his/her income as well as expenditure. Thus one can plan, arrange and manage their home budget with the help of computers. Besides home budget there are many other uses of computers at home. Computers can also be used for entertainment and recreation purposes like playing games. Also nowadays there are a lot of games that are especially meant for improving mental capabilities and power to think. This is one of the advantage as well.

People can also manage their official work from their home as well. The owner of their company can easily check the work of all the employees from home. One can control his/her office while sitting at home. Well people can watch movies as well, listen to songs and also watch different videos downloaded different stuffs. They can also watch live cricket and other matches on the internet.

Internet provides a very wider way to people to resolves their a lot of issues. People can find a lot of important information on computer. Educational and informative websites are available to downloaded books, tutorials, etc    in order to improve their knowledge and learn many more new things.

With the help of Computers, people can chat with their friends and family. They can chat with anyone on the internet with the help of social apps like that of Skype, etc. There are many social websites like that of Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter and google plus. Thus in this very way there are lot of uses of computers.

USES OF COMPUTERS IN EDUCATION

Nowadays getting good as well as correct knowledge is very important. Actually getting the right type of  information is a major challenge, as is getting information for making sense. Computers help in enhancing performance in the field of learning. This is the most positive impact on society due to the introduction of computers.

• College students spend hours on the internet and thus have been uplifting their performance in learning.
• According to the students who have been exposed to the internet say that they think that the web has helped them improve the quality of their academic research, also of their written work.
• One of the main fact is regarding that of the distant learning. Distant learning now is available and possible, offering a variety of internet and video based online courses.

USES OF COMPUTERS IN THE FIELD OF HEALTH AND MEDICINE

Computers played a vital role in the field of Health and Medicine. Computer Technology is changing the tools of medicine radically. All medical details can now be easily digitized. Software is now able to computer the risk of a disease. Mental health researchers are using computers to screen troubled teenagers in need of psychotherapy. In this very way today due to the introduction of computers there have been a lot of reforms in the field of medicine.

SCIENCE

As we have seen many vital application of the very special electronic device that is here computer, the interesting fact is that even scientists have long been users of it. There is a new adventure among all scientists and that is the idea of a collaboratory, an internet based collaborative laboratory. In  this very collaborative laboratory there are scientists all over the world, researchers across the globe work easily together even at a distance. This is possible due to the coming of computers. Thus Computers helped also in the field related to the Science and technology. In this way from domestic use to official use,from education and medicine to science as well, Computers have quite a few applications

USES OF COMPUTERS IN BUSINESSES

• Computers have also great uses in the arena of businesses.
• An organisation can use computers for marketing their particular products. Marketing applications provide information about the products to customers.
• Well computers are also used to manage distribution system,advertising and selling activities as well.
• It can also be used in deciding and managing pricing strategies.
• It sees the level of interests as one of the way to enhance productivity and competitiveness.
• Nowadays Internet has become a popular tool in marketing.
• One of the most popular term associated with this section is with that of internet. Internet banking, electronics deposit, bill paying, online stock and bond trading are some of the happenings regarding this.
• Also if any company suppose uses computers, then in that very situation computers help the company to know more about their customers. With the help of that company can get to know abut their needs and requirements and so on.
• Also many stock exchanges use computers in order to conduct bids.

ENTERTAINMENT

Computers have a great impact on the entertainment as well as recreation of human beings. There are so many uses of computers in the fields of movies,music,sports and many more activities. People can find entertainment on the internet. They can watch movies. They can listen to songs. Also people can watch videos downloaded different stuffs. Apart from this they can also easily watch live all the things that are being broad caste. Also they can see live matches on the internet.

TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Computes also help a lot in the field of transport communication. If there is a internet on the computer then one can easily know the details of the buses or trains and as well the flights available to our desired destination. We can easily know all the details related to them. If there is a delay then also one can see the details. Thus with the help of the internet on computers, the timings and also the updates on the issue of delay can be known.

The important thing about the transport system is that one can book tickets through online as well. Also staff of the transport system can keep a track of the passengers, trains or flight details, also departure and arrival timings by using computers.

Thus in this  way there are a lot of advantages of communication systems. This can be seen in the fields of e-commerce, like that of emails, video conferencing, electronic shopping, also electronic banking for transaction of monetary issue.

GENERATIONS OF COMPUTERS

Well in this section there will be all the details relate to the generations of the computers. Firstly computers are now an integral part of our everyday life. The histories of computers goes back actually many decades. However there are basically five generations of computers.

FIRST GENERATION

This generation was in the period from 1940 to 1950. This is the first early kind of computers where are vacuum tubes are used as circuitry as well as magnetic drums for memory. Hence they were very enormous, literally taking up entire rooms and costing a fortune to run. There is as a result generation of lot of heats, sucked huge electricity too. Thus subsequently these materials that are inefficient in nature generated a lot of heat and that very heat caused ongoing breakdowns.

• The important thing is  that this very generation that is the first generation, depends totally on machine language. We all know very well that machine language is the most basic type of language that can only be stood by the computers.
• Here computers were limited to solving one problem at a time.
• UNIVAC and ENIAC machines are the two notable machines of this very era.
• The UNIVAC was actually the first every commercial computer which was purchased in 1951 by a business.

SECOND GENERATION

Well there is another generation after the first one which was discussed in the previous section. The Second generation was started from 1956 and was up to 1963. As there was vacuum tubes in the first generation but in the second generation there was a replacement. There was Transistors. The replacement of vacuum tubes by transistors saw the advent of the second one of computing field and thus there was the second generation before everyone. Actually transistors weren’t used significantly in computers until the end of the 1950. The fact is that transistors were a great improvement over the vacuum tube. Due to them now computers were smaller, faster, and also cheaper as compared to the earlier one. Also electricity consumption were reduced to an extent.

Also there were changes in the language as well. There was another language unlike that of machine language which was machine dependent language, that is here assembly language in this second generation. This will lead to the programmer create their own instructions in words. But transistors in this generation still relied on punched card for input/printouts. Well transistor driven machines were the first computers to store instructions into memory. This lead to the movement of magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. That is what happens in the second generation.

THIRD GENERATION

Now here is the another one that is third generation. From this phase there were miniaturization of transistors and transistors were being put on silicon chips. This results in a very huge increase in the speed of these machines, also there were upliftment in the efficiency of the machines to a large extent. In this generation people started getting interaction using keyboards as well as monitors that interfaced with an operating system, a vital leap up from the punch cards and printouts. That is what enables all these machines to run various applications at once using a central program which functioned to monitor memory.

In this very way there were a lot of reformation in the third generation having quite a few positive impacts in computing world. Also due to the introduction of this very generation there again were a lot of changes including making machines cheaper and smaller as compared to earlier ones. Thus one can say that a new market of computer users emerged during the 60s. That is what happens during the third generation.

FOURTH GENERATION

Now there is another one that is Fourth Generation. This is different from the earlier one. Firstly this generation that is the forth one have been evolved during 1972-2010. This was associated with all those microprocessors. This generation can be summed up in only one word and that very word is Intel. The cheap maker developed the Intel 4004 chip in the year 1971. This actually positioned all computer components like CPU, memory, input/output controls onto a single chip. One can easily conclude here that in the early time that is during first generation space occupancy was higher. Here the Intel chip can housed thousands of circuits that are integrated.

Well the year 1981 saw the first ever computer specifically designed for home use. Thus the power of computer increased suddenly , creating a huge networking world.  There comes the rapid increase in the use of internet. The most interesting thing during this generation have been graphical user interface.

FIFTH GENERATION

There are a lot of activities still in progress for betterment of the computing world. But some of the technologies are starting to emerge and be used such as that of voice recognition. The need of fifth generation will be using technologies to make machines and these very machine will be able to respond to natural language and have also capabilities to learn and organize themselves. Also resulting in nearby future computers will be radically transformed again by things like that of quantum computation, molecular and nano technology.

MEANING OF COMPUTER

A Computer is actually a device that is have the work of accepting of all the information in the form of digitalised data and then manipulates the data for some specific results. This is based on a program or sequence of instructions on how the data is to be processed and managed. As in the earlier section we have discussed a lot about the types, uses, and various details about the computer. There comes the one complex computer . These complex computers actually includes the means for storing data, also including the program which is also a form of data, for some well defined specific period of time.

If someone want to know more in details about the computers then he or she can also go through the following mentioned highlighted points.

• Actually a computer is an electronic device, and it is such type of electronic device that performs the function of receiving data in a particular form. It should be kept in mind that data is usually an information having particular task. Well computer is an electronic device that receives information and then performs a sequence of information in accordance with  a predetermined but variable set of procedural of instructions so that  the results will be in the form of signals or information.
• There are a lot of histories of computers having a lot of things. But most of the histories of the modern computer begin with that of the Analytic engine and that very engine is envisioned by Charles Babbage.

ADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS

Well in this section all those benefits that come with that of the availability of computers will be discussed here. Actually there are a lot of positive impacts due to the introduction of computers. Also there are many disadvantages as well but the main thing is that positive results are more as compared to the negative one. Lets have a look.

Let me firstly tell that computers is used in every field nowadays and has also made our daily regular tasks easier and simple as well. Computers have made a very vital impact on the society. It has changed the way of living of human beings. The fact is that the coming up of the computers and their uses has affected every field of life. Everyone is nowadays is getting addicted to computers. One cannot imagine about their activities without it. Today people are using computers to manage their various tasks quickly and easily. Well the use of this  very electronic device makes different tasks easier. The one of the advantages of the computer is that it saves time and effort as well. Computers also reduces the cost in the completion of particular tasks.

USES OF COMPUTERS IN VARIOUS FIELDS

There are many live examples here and thither that proves that the introduction of computers is beneficial one in the working and developing world. Today computers are used everywhere, in every corner of the world. Many organisation are now using computers so that they can be able to keep and manage all the records of their customers. Not only important tasks completion, uses of computers are limited but also computers are used for the purposes of entertainment and recreation as well. People are now using the computers for playing their bills. They are also using computers for managing their home budget as well. One can easily manage their monthly budget keeping the records in the computers and managing and calculating the expenditure and income.

• Apart from the above thing people can also watch movie on the computers, also they do listening songs or can watch many motivational as well as funny videos of their choice.
• There are availability of quite a few online services such as that of Skype. Also there are many social apps that are used for the purpose of communication chat and also for information sharing purpose.
• There are many organisations that are using computers in these days. It may be hospitals or may be it is industry. Everywhere people are using Computers.
• There are also a lot of uses of computers in the field of  airline and weather forecasting also.
  

  DISADVANTAGES OF COMPUTERS

Well in this very way there are a lot of advantages of computers. Let us now discuss about the disadvantages of this very electronic devices. Yeah it is fact that computers have also a lot of defects. Some of them are listed below;

• Here one of the main defect is about the need of the regular up-gradation of the hardware as well as the software.
• Time to time there is a need of upgrade of the software in the computerized environment. This leads to the extra cost. Thus a result, this lead to the extra cost as well as additional time.
• One of the main thing is about the defects about the computer is that computer needs to be operated by a skilled professional. Thus this very thing finally results in the increase in manpower cost for the organisation.
• Also there are a lot of problems regarding the issue of the operating system. Many times it happens that the operating system of the computer may stop responding. There may be the availability of some functioning issue in the operating computers. So sometimes people have to face the problem regarding this and they have to go the service center or in nearby shop.
• Another one is regarding the issue of virus. Sometimes threat of virus always remains in the computerized environment. If one is using any specific anti virus then he/she must be sure that personal information and other particular sensitive data are secured.